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An emissions-based view of climate forcing by methane and tropospheric ozone
We simulate atmospheric composition changes in response to increased methane and tropospheric ozone precursor emissions from the preindustrial to present-day in a coupled chemistry-aerosol-climate model. The global annual average composition response to all emission changes is within 10% of the sum of the responses to individual emissions types, a more policy-relevant quantity. This small non-linearity between emission types permits attribution of past global mean methane and ozone radiative forcings to specific emissions despite the well-known nonlinear response to emissions of a single type. The emissionsbased view indicates that methane emissions have contributed a forcing of $0.8– 0.9 W m-2, nearly double the abundance-based value, while the forcing from other ozone precursors has been quite small ($-0.1 for NOx, $0.2 for CO + VOCs).