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The climate, topography, high population and associated emissions of California pose unique challenges in attaining the ozone (O3) National Ambient Air Quality Standard. California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains are sit uated east, and downwind of, the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), which has some of the worst air quality in the US. This work reports surface and vertical O3 observations over the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the SJV from 1998 to 2018. Over this period, the O3 concentrations observed on highly polluted days (95th percentile) decreased, primarily because of summertime emission reductions. Analysis of surface site diurnal data highlights the im pacts that the SJV has on the Sierra Nevada Mountains, particularly at lower elevations. O3 typically remains higher overnight at mountain sites, compared to SJV sites, and as a result mountain sites can have high cu mulative exposure to O3. Evidence of local and transport effects on O3 trends across the Sierra Nevada Mountains is presented through examining of the timing of O3 exceedances and correlations with different surface sites and with O3 aloft. The data indicate a strong regional influence of emissions from the SJV over the Sierra Nevada Mountains and aloft up to 3 km.